02- relative measurement: relationships are defined by a series of relative measurements such as ems and ens.
03- point: A unit of measurement, often used to measure type size, equal to 0.013837 inch (approximately equal to 1/72").
04- pica: A unit of measurement equal to one-sixth of an inch. There are 12 points to a pica. A typographic measurement that has survived the digital revolution. 12 points = 1 pica; 6 picas = 1 inch; 72 points = 1 inch.
05- em: A unit of measure, which is the square of a face's point size. Traditionally, the width of a face's widest letter, the capital 'M.' For instance, if the 'M' is 10 points wide, an em is equal to 10 points. By Microsoft: A unit of measurement equal to the current type size. For example, an em in 12-point type is equal to 12 points. Em dash: One em wide, the em dash indicates missing material or a break in thought. Spaces may be added to both sides of the em dash.
06- en: A unit of measurement equal to half of one em. En dash: One en wide, the en dash indicates duration, "to" or "through" such as, "refer to pages 4-9." It may also be used in compound adjectives (as in post-World War 1~). A space can be added to both sides of the en dash.
07- legibility- The ease with which the reader can discern the type on the page, based on the tone of the type in relation to the background and the letterforms' shape with respect to each other. Letter spacing that is too tight impairs legibility.
08- rag: The uneven alignment of text lines. Ragged is the opposite of flush. A text block may be formatted to be evenly aligned (flush) on one side and unevenly aligned (ragged) on the other.
09- type alignments: flush left: the text of a paragraph is aligned on the left-hand side with the right-hand side ragged; flush right: In other languages that read text right-to-left, such as Arabic and Hebrew, text is commonly aligned ‘flush right’; centered: symmetrically aligned along an axis in the middle of a column; justified: where the spaces between words, and, to a lesser extent, between glyphs or letters, are stretched or compressed to make the align both the left and right ends of each line of text. A disadvantage to justified alignment is that it can sometimes have loose and tight lines while centered text is less readable because the ragged edges make it hard to track where to begin to read.
10- word spacing: the standard word space is defined as a percentage value of an em, which makes it relative to the size of the type being set.
11- rivers: typically occur in justified text blocks when the separation of the words leaves gaps of white space in several lines. A river effect is created where white space gaps align through the text.
12- indent: A temporary inward offset from the margin setting.
13- leading: The amount of vertical space between lines of type. The distance from the baseline of one line of type and the baseline of another line of type immediately above or below it; also known as line spacing and usually measured in points.
14- kerning: The adjustment of spacing between letters. The process of improving appearance and legibility by adjusting the white space between certain paired characters, such as 'Ty', 'To', or 'Ye', which are known as "kerning pairs." Manual kerning allows the desktop publisher to move letters either closer or farther apart ~o adjust and improve the space between them. Automatic kerning on the computer is done by using a kerning table (an AFM file) that contains pre defined font specific kerning pairs. Sometimes incorrectly referred to as "minus setting."
15- tracking- The overall letterspacing in text. Tracking can also be used to tighten or loosen a block of type. Some programs have automatic tracking options which can add or remove small increments of space between the characters.
16- weight: The measurement of a stroke's width. Common names for weights include demibold, light, and bold. Some typeface families have several weights, including ultra-bold and extra-light. Refers to the heaviness of the stroke for a specific font, such as Light, Regular, Book, Demi, Heavy, Black, and Extra Bold.
17- scale: increases in point size.
18- typographic variation: whether in the use of differing in typefaces, weights, and sizes, the introduction of bold, italic, or small-cap fonts, should serve to clarify visually for the reader specific kinds of emphasis and prioritization, and to establish consistent distinctions between different kinds of content.
19- orphan: A single line of a paragraph at the top of a page or column.
20- widow: A single line of a paragraph at the bottom of a page or column.
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